the general answer is: Yes and No, if you add in enough information besides the EXIF info, then it can be done, if you don't add enough info in then no, it becomes an estimate, that info is an extremely complex calculation of the perspective of the object, but then also using that to work back to the format and angle of the photo frame, then an exact measurement to the person's eye or frame center (in elevation from the ground), then knowledge of the exact ground surface elevations between you and the object. and even more calculations beyond that.
An important step that the other answers are leaving out, is that you must use the data in the photo to find the perspective angles of horizontal and vertical lines on that object your photo is of, (which actually can be done, but is an extremely complex calculation), and even more complex if for instance in the OP's example of few objects in the photo to work with, however it still can be done, for instance in this case, if the object is not sitting "level" on the ground, then the height info is also needed. In the OP's example much of that info is probably left out/or unknown, so an answer can be No in that example case. But to be clear, the premise of the question is doable, if that extra info is known, and many times it is known, or estimates can be made of that info.
You also need an exact measurement of the ground surface elevation changes between you and the object, (in general, there is more to it than just that one sentence).
then you need an exact dimension from ground to the center of your eye, or the center of the image frame that the camera is producing, this image frame can be calculated from the EXIF info, but the exact tilt in relation to the object needs to be calculated from that perspective info mentioned before.
an app that does all this is below: (except it is using estimates for center of eye, and does a complex calculation of ground surface elevs, which also becomes an "estimate")
so since it is using estimates, you need to know one dimension of the object to correct the final output of the app. but that is far better than having to take a tape measure to everything on the object.
the final output is a perspective corrected "elevation" of the object, and even with automatic dimensions. (notice this image has been perspective corrected so all verticals are vertical, horizontals are horizontal, and this is done automatically with no input from the user)
http://www.pictureenginecompany.com/MeasureEngine/MeasureEngine.html