I have several images for print, and only after deleting the original RAW files did I remember I needed to resize the images for print.
Will resizing JPEGs result in a compromise in my image?
They are 24mp, printing at 13x20.
JPEG issues aside, downsizing images will result in a loss of sharpness. Furthermore, printing will result in a loss of sharpness too - the extent of this depending on the particular medium you are using. This is what output sharpening is used to counteract. You can read an explanation of output sharpening for web and print in this article, which has some visual examples.
This applies regardless of file type - it is inherent to the interpolation involved in resizing an image.
Yes; if you edit the image (for example, to resize) and save, there will be new degradation from JPEG artifacts. If you saved (and resave) at a very high JPEG quality, the difference will be negligible.
You could avoid this by saving in a lossless format like TIFF instead after your edit.