I like this question all though it seems a photo specific option is a limiting factor and probably an unnecessary middle man in the quest for a searchable database solution.
My first though when read this question was to use something like Filemaker Pro, You would create a indexing system for your "boxes of stuff" I.E. box 1, box 2 etc, and create a document for each box with list of the contents of "stuff".
There are many Document Management software option out there with options for desktop, mobile, and cloud integration. I found this and this, reviews of some document management solutions while doing a web search.
While a photo would not be necessary in your scenario it may be useful. I would like to implement such a database for my Vinyl LP collection so having a photo of the album artwork and a file that tells me what groupbox or cabinet my rarely played old album is keptlocated ( and what it looks like ) would be nice so i don't have try to remember or search for 20 min.
So while i can not answer your question as it is, it seems there is solution for this problem it is just finding the right onone for you. I personally would not use one that is dependent on any cloud usage. ( are you listening Adobe ) There may already be a solution or i think it would not be to difficult for someone above my pay grade to develop an app that is configurable to yours or my needs.