There are many ways to improve an image, and sharpening and noise reduction are just the very start. These techniques are almost completely program-agnostic, and can be done using a variety of different tools, Gimp included.
In photography, this is a major portion of the work that is done, and has become known as "Post ProcessingPost Processing" or simply "Post".
Post-Processing Techniques:
Basics
- Cropping
- sharpening
- white balance correction
- Contrast enhancement
- spot touchups/dust removal
Advanced
- noise reduction
- cross-processing
- halftone/duotone
- HDR
These lists are by no means exhaustive, but merely show a few of the more common techniques.
There are quite a few tutorials aroundquite a few tutorials around that may be helpful for you.