They are very different lenses and will go nicely together in the same camera kit.
We have an enormous amount of information on both types of lenses already on this site, so I'll just give you some keywords to search for to get you started in your research:
In regards to the Tamron 16-300mm:
- Superzoom
- Variable aperture
- Zoom lens
In regards to the Nikkor:
- Prime lens
- Wide aperture
- Normal lens
- Portrait Lens