Dynamic range is independent of exposure time and settings. Regardless of whether you take a shot at f/16 for 1/60th or f/8 for 1/125th (for example), if the dynamic range is too large for your sensor to cope with, some part of your shot will be exposed incorrectly.
A scene with large dynamic range essentially requires two different exposures in the same shot: a longer exposure for the darker part and a shorter exposure for the lighter part.
ND filtersND filters and the Black Card TechniqueBlack Card Technique are examples of methods where this is achieved in-camera. Nowadays, it is also extremely easy to blend two separate shots together in post-processing.