What can have happened is the original picture had a large thumbnail (the thumbnail is actually a JPEG-in-the-JPEG in the metadata) and that it was scaled down but with the metadata left in(*) , so now the thumbnail is bigger than the original. You can extract metadata with some EXIF-handling utilities, for instance with exiftool
exiftool -b -PreviewImage -w _preview.jpg <your image>
or
exiftool -b -preview:all -w _preview.jpg <your image>
Note that the preview is of moderate quality (on my DSLR, the preview are full-size, quality 80).
(*) this also happens if the photo was shot in "raw" form, and the metadata left in by demosaicing apps. This is even more likely if the image thumbnail is full-size (thumbnails in JPEGs are usually smaller images than the original)