Changing the size of the focusing screen is not reasonably possible. jarnbjo explains why the focusing screen is the same size as the film format:
The focusing screen is always the same distance from the lens as the film you are intending to expose, otherwise you could not use it to focus. It is therefore also the same size as the film format...
The size of the imaging circle, mirror, prism, etc are all fixed. Just installing a larger screen wouldn't be enough. You'd have to completely rebuild the camera so that it isbe effectively building an entirely different camera. The presence of a moving mirror prevents placement of additional optics in front of the screen. You'd also have to account for the different focusing distances caused by moving things around.
Instead of messing with the screen, it would be easier to change the viewfinder optics. Move it back, make it larger, increase magnification. The screen would be the same size, but it would look larger.
There are viewfinder magnifiers you can try. I haven't used one, but based on what I've read, they might affect viewing the edges of the frame. The trade off might be worthwhile if you need the magnification to assist focus.
Phil Anderson suggests using a camera with a waist-level finder. Some cameras let you swap out the entire prism assembly with a waist-level finder. The screen itself is still the same size, but the change of optics behind it increases the viewing size.